大件运输一般是指大设备的运输配送。大件是在重量、体积上占有优势的物品，在运具上，大件物品有严格要求，不是一般的运输车辆可以完成运输的，需要用到特殊的运输工具来完成。
什么是大件?
对物流来说，大件，顾名思义，就是在重量、体积上占有优势的物品。在运具上，大件物品有严格要求，不是一般的运输车辆可以完成运输的，需要用到特殊的运输工具来完成。
因此，大件运输一般是指大设备的运输配送。
大件运输包括超限和超重两个方面。
超限设备（货物）是指装载轮廓尺寸超过车辆限界标准；超重设备（货物）是指车辆总重量对桥梁的作用超过设计活载。
主要包括：大型火力发电设备中的发电机定子、转子、锅炉汽包、水冷壁、除氧水箱、高低压加热器、大板梁等，大型水力发电设备中的转轮、上下机架、转子、定子、主轴、座环、导水机构、闸门启闭机以及主变压器、厂用变、联络变、电抗器、及高压电气设备等均为超限或超重设备。
基本要求
⒈在办理托运手续时，除按一般规定外，托运人必须提交货物说明书，以及装卸、加固等具体要求，在特殊情况下，还须向有关部门办理准运证。承运人应根据托运人提供的有关资料进行审核，掌握货物的具体特征，选择适合的车辆，在具备安全运输条件和能力的情况下，再办理承运手续。
⒉承运人应根据大件货物的外形尺寸和车货质量，在起运前会同托运人勘察作业现场和运行路线，了解沿途道路线形和桥涵通过能力，并制定运输组织方案。涉及到其他部门的应事先向有关部门申报并征得同意，方可起运。
⒊制定货物装卸、加固等技术方案和操作规程，并严格执行，确保合理装载、加固牢靠、安全装卸。装卸作业由承运人负责的，应根据托运人的要求、货物的特点和装卸操作规程进行作业。由托运人负责的，承运人应按约定的时间将车开到装卸地点，并监装、监卸。
⒋运输大件货物，属于超限运输的，应按规定向公路管理机构申请办理《超限运输车辆通行证》，按照核定的路线行车。在市区运送大件货物时，要经公安机关和市政工程部门审查并发给准运证，方可运送。
⒌按指定的线路和时间运行，并在货物最长、最宽、最高部位悬挂明显的安全标志，白天行车时，悬挂标志旗；夜间行车和停车休息时装设标志灯，以警示来往车辆。特殊的货物，要有专门车辆引路，及时排除障碍。
⒍运输费用由承、托双方协商确定。因运输大型特型笨重物件发生的道路改造、桥涵加固、清障、护送、装卸等费用，由托运人负担。
Large item transportation generally refers to the transportation and distribution of large equipment. Large items have advantages in weight and volume. In terms of transportation, there are strict requirements for large items, which cannot be completed by ordinary transportation vehicles. Special transportation tools are needed to complete the transportation.
What is a large item?
For logistics, large items, as the name suggests, are items that have an advantage in weight and volume. On transportation vehicles, there are strict requirements for large items, which cannot be completed by ordinary transportation vehicles. Special transportation tools are needed to complete the transportation.
Therefore, large-scale transportation generally refers to the transportation and distribution of large equipment.
The transportation of large items includes two aspects: over limit and over weight.
Over limit equipment (goods) refers to loading contour dimensions that exceed the vehicle clearance standard; Overweight equipment (cargo) refers to the effect of the total weight of the vehicle on the bridge exceeding the design live load.
Mainly including: generator stator, rotor, boiler drum, water-cooled wall, deoxygenation water tank, high and low pressure heater, large plate beam, etc. in large-scale thermal power generation equipment; runner, upper and lower frames, rotor, stator, main shaft, seat ring, water guiding mechanism, gate opening and closing machine, as well as main transformer, auxiliary transformer, connecting transformer, reactor, and high-voltage electrical equipment in large-scale hydroelectric power generation equipment, all of which are oversized or overweight equipment.
Basic Requirements
When handling the consignment procedures, in addition to following general regulations, the consignor must submit a cargo manual, as well as specific requirements for loading, unloading, and reinforcement. In special circumstances, the consignor must also apply for a transportation permit from the relevant department. The carrier should review the relevant information provided by the shipper, grasp the specific characteristics of the goods, select suitable vehicles, and handle the transportation procedures only when they have safe transportation conditions and capabilities.
2. The carrier should, based on the external dimensions and weight of the large cargo, conduct a survey of the operation site and operating route with the consignor before departure, understand the road alignment and bridge and culvert capacity along the way, and develop a transportation organization plan. If it involves other departments, it should be reported to the relevant departments in advance and consent should be obtained before shipment can proceed.
3. Develop technical plans and operating procedures for loading, unloading, and reinforcement of goods, and strictly implement them to ensure reasonable loading, reliable reinforcement, and safe loading and unloading. The loading and unloading operations are the responsibility of the carrier and should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the shipper, the characteristics of the goods, and the loading and unloading operating procedures. The shipper is responsible, and the carrier shall drive the vehicle to the loading and unloading location at the agreed time and supervise loading and unloading.
4. For the transportation of large cargo that falls under the category of over limit transportation, an application for the "Over limit Transport Vehicle Pass" should be submitted to the highway management agency in accordance with regulations, and vehicles should be driven along the approved route. When transporting large goods in the urban area, they must be reviewed by the public security organs and municipal engineering departments and issued a transportation permit before they can be transported.
5. Operate according to the designated route and time, and hang obvious safety signs at the longest, widest, and highest parts of the goods. When driving during the day, hang sign flags; Set up sign lights during nighttime driving and parking breaks to warn oncoming vehicles. Special goods require specialized vehicles to guide them and promptly remove obstacles.
6. The transportation cost shall be determined through consultation between the carrier and the consignor. The cost of road renovation, bridge and culvert reinforcement, obstacle clearance, escort, loading and unloading, etc., incurred due to the transportation of large, special and heavy objects, shall be borne by the shipper.
 
 
 
 
 
 

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